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UNIT-1 [Thermodynamics (R16) JNTU Kakinada]

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Contents System, boundary, Surrounding, control volume, Universe, Types of Systems, Macroscopic and Microscopic viewpoints, Concept of Continuum, Thermodynamic Equilibrium, State, Property, Process, Cycle – Reversibility – Quasi – static Process, Irreversible Process, Causes of Irreversibility – Energy in State and in Transition, Types, Work and Heat, Point and Path function. Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics –Concept of Temperature – Principles of Thermometry –Reference Points – Const. Volume gas Thermometer LECTURE CONTENT Thermodynamic system It can be defined as the quantity of matter which is focused under certain thermodynamic processes. Surroundings: The space around the TD system is known as surroundings of TDS. We can simple say that the external presented out of system is known as surroundings. Boundary: The envelop which it is covered the TD system is known as boundary of TD system. Universe: The combination of Thermodynamic system, Bound...
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Heat Ex changers Fouling factor

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Heat ex changers: Heat ex changers are devices used to transfer heat energy from one fluid to another. Typical heat ex changers experienced by us in our daily lives include condensers and evaporators used in air conditioning units and refrigerators. Boilers and condensers in thermal power plants are examples of large industrial heat ex changers. There are heat ex changers in our automobiles in the form of radiators and oil coolers. Heat ex changers are also abundant in chemical and process industries. There is a wide variety of heat ex changers for diverse kinds of uses, hence the construction also would differ widely. However, in spite of the variety, most heat ex changers can be classified into some common types based on some fundamental design concepts. We will consider only the more common types here for discussing some analysis and design methodologies. Fouling Material deposits on the surfaces of the heat ex changer tubes may add more thermal resistances to heat transfer. S...
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